Connecting minds to machines: The future of brain-computer interfaces

Brain-computer interfaces are pushing the boundaries of what we thought possible in neuroscience by enabling a direct connection between the human brain and external devices.

For those with disabilities, it provides a new opportunity to regain control of their bodies. The heart of brain-computer interfaces is the ability to translate brain activity or thoughts alone into commands understood by the device.

Potentially, implants like that can give individuals with diseases like ALS, Parkinson's, or spinal cord injuries, where muscle control is lost, a pathway to communicate, move their body, and control aid devices. For some, even to regain certain functions.

This technology, though promising, is still in development and faces significant challenges as scientists refine it for long-term, practical use.

What are the scientists working on?
One focus in the field is making brain implants that are both smaller and more powerful. The goal is to create tiny implants that can be placed on the surface or even in the brain through simple surgical procedures.

However, developing these implants has proven complex due to technical and biological obstacles. For example, scientists are still studying how these implants interact with brain tissue over time, as scar tissue forms after surgery around the device, weakening the quality of brain signal readings.

Several studies are pushing the field forward by exploring innovative materials and techniques. One area of research focuses on creating printable neurotechnology. These printable devices use flexible, biocompatible materials that safely interact with brain tissue.

They are scalable, relatively affordable, and enable a detailed, high-resolution view of brain signals while enabling both recording and modulating brain activity.  That could provide a breakthrough to better treatments and understanding of complex neurological disorders.

Researchers are also investigating three-dimensional-printed neural probes that can be inserted less invasively into brain tissue. Such probes would allow scientists to target specific and deep-seated brain circuits, potentially helping people with epilepsy by monitoring abnormal brain activity and delivering precise therapeutic stimulation to prevent seizures.

In another branch of research, scientists are experimenting with light-based probes with incorporate microscopic, fluidic channels. These probes allow for a precise blend of light-based stimulation and neurotransmitter delivery, targeting specific brain regions to control circuits accurately.

This method could one day contribute to treatments for mental health disorders like depression by directly engaging with the brain’s chemical and electrical systems, offering a more controlled approach than current drug therapies. 

New materials
As Brain-Computer Interface technology progresses, researchers are also assessing the long-term biocompatibility of materials used in implants. One of these, parylene-coated devices, shows particular promise.

Parylene is a material that is both biocompatible and non-toxic. It is quite resistant to solvents, acids and bases, moisture, and corrosion. Further, it has excellent electrical insulation and can evenly coat irregular shapes.

Devices coated with parylene appear to interact more gently with brain tissue, reducing the chance of immune reactions.

Such materials would enhance long-term compatibility, paving the way for safe, chronic use in a range of neurological treatments.

The Ethics of Neurohacking
An emerging trend within brain-machine technology is "neurohacking," where people use neurotechnology to enhance their capabilities.

Neurohackers might implant chips, small electronic devices that use radio waves to transmit data. Others may venture into Do-It-Yourself Brain systems that individuals can build themselves for direct communication between the brain and computers or external devices. 

As these technologies gain popularity and accessibility, they inevitably bring up ethical dilemmas and safety questions.

After all, while it’s thrilling to upgrade your brain, remember that even the coolest upgrades might come with a few unexpected bugs!


About the scientific paper:

First author: Rita Matta, France/Canada
Published in: Frontiers in Neuroscience, February 2024
Link to paper: https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/neuroscience/articles/10.3389/fnins.2024.1332827/full