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Sleep spindles is the name for distinct brain wave patterns observed during sleep. These waves, lasting up to six seconds, are common in non-rapid eye movement (non-REM) sleep and are generated by a specific circuit in the brain (the thalamocortical circuit). While studies on sleep-dependent learning assume a direct, causal

Amphetamines are a category of drugs that are known for their ability to increase dopamine levels in the brain, particularly in areas related to reward and executive function. Executive function is the brain's ability to plan, make decisions, and control impulses to reach goals. This increased dopamine activity

Exploring the limits of human endurance has inspired innovative research into brain stimulation techniques. Transcranial direct current stimulation, or tDCS, is a non-invasive method where low-intensity electrical currents are applied to the scalp to influence brain activity. It has shown promise in enhancing exercise performance in strength and cycling studies,

In the earliest weeks of human development, we grow a tail. The tail’s growth and disappearance is a glimpse into the delicate balance of growth and regression during our creation in the womb. This process, called neurulation, forms the spinal cord and surrounding tissues. Researchers found that the process

The orgasm is among the most powerful natural experiences for humans, involving the release of feel-good chemicals in the brain such as dopamine and serotonin. It is traditionally understood to follow four stages: excitement, plateau, climax, and resolution. While once debated as irrelevant to women's sexual functioning, new

Neurodiversity represents a fundamental shift in how we understand human cognitive and neurological differences. This concept moves away from viewing neurodivergens with focuses on deficits. Instead, it frames these differences as natural and valuable parts of human diversity. Like biodiversity in nature, neurodiversity emphasizes the importance of all kinds of