Gut-brain axis II: The potential of poop transplantat in neurology

The intestines are home to trillions of bacteria that communicate with the brain through the gut-brain axis. And sometimes it does not work as it should.

Fecal microbiota transplantation is an emerging therapy that involves transferring gut bacteria and their byproducts (basically just doo-doo) from a healthy individual to someone sick.

By introducing a diverse and balanced gut microbiome, this therapy can help restore healthy microbial communities and produce essential bioactive compounds in people with dysbiopia. That is people who have acquired a bad flora - or combination of bacteria - in the gut.

This method is already used to treat gut infections caused by Clostridium difficile. Researchers are now investigating its potential benefits for neurological disorders as well.

Diseases such as Parkinson's disease, multiple sclerosis, and autism spectrum disorder are under investigation.

How fecal transplants are done - not yikes at all
The process involves screening the donor for infections and diseases, ensuring the transplant is safe. The stool is then processed, often mixed with saline or other solutions, and delivered to the recipient.

It can be introduced through a colonoscopy or a tube inserted through the nose and into the stomach or intestines. Capsules containing freeze-dried stool are another option. One major advantage is its safety, as no significant adverse effects have been reported, even in high-risk individuals.

The goal is to repopulate the patient’s gut with beneficial bacteria, which may influence not just digestion but also brain function.

Research on neurological diseases
The idea that gut bacteria can shape brain health is still being explored, but the potential is quite exciting. Several studies have explored how fecal microbiota transplantation affects neurological diseases.

In Parkinson’s disease, researchers have observed improvements in motor function and digestion after the procedure. Some patients report less constipation and better movement, suggesting a link between gut bacteria and brain health.

Studies on autism have shown that fecal transplants may reduce digestive issues and improve social behavior.

In multiple sclerosis, a disease where the immune system attacks the nervous system, scientists have found that changing gut bacteria may help regulate immune responses.

Early research in Alzheimer’s disease suggests that gut bacteria might influence brain inflammation, opening new possibilities for treatment.

Researchers are working to refine fecal microbiota transplantation, making it more precise and accessible. They are also studying specific bacterial strains that could be key to improving neurological conditions.

While not yet a standard treatment for brain disorders, fecal transplants offer hope for conditions that currently have limited treatment options.

First author: Amanda A. Menezes, USA
Published: Brain Sciences, December 2024
Link to paper: https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3425/14/12/1224